Nursing Theories are divided into four category General Theories, System Theories, Interpersonal/Caring Theories and Client Centered Theories.. In this post you can read the entire General Theories links for the other three theories is at the bottom.
A. GENERAL THEORIES
1. NIGHTINGALE’S ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY
- What nursing has to do is to put the individual in best position for nature to work on him.
- Nursing Action: manipulation of elements in the environment to contribute to reparative process.
10 ELEMENTS FOUND IN ENVIRONMENT
1. Air – importance to have moving air in room of patient to contribute in proper ventilation.
2. Light – patient should be near windows to be able to see sunlight and give hope.
3. Health of houses – environmental sanitation.
4. Cleanliness
5. Beddings – change linens/beddings in patients room to promote comfort.
6. Nutrition
7. Variety – change in environment for patient.
8. Ventilation – promote warming.
9. Noise – due to nurses clothing or roaming around.
10. Chattering hopes – deals with social aspect; nurse should be
cautious with words when at bedside,
talk about positive things.
2. VIRGINIA HENDERSON’S DEFINITION OF NURSING
- Assisting individuals sick or well in the performance of activity.
- Role of nurse is complimentary.
- Supplementary
- Individual person is a whole, complete and individual being.
14 BASIC COMPONENTS OF NURSING CARE
1. Breathe normally
2. Eat, drink adequately
3. Eliminate body waste
4. Move and maintain desirable posture
5. Sleep and rest
6. Select suitable clothes
7. Maintain body temperature
8. Keep body clean and well groomed
9. Avoid dangers in environment
10. Communicate with others
11. Worship according to ones faith
12. Work for accomplishment
13. Participate in recreation
14. Learn to satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development
3. MARTHA ROGER’S SCIENCE OF UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS
A. Nursing is humanistic science
B. Parallel with Ludwig von Bertalanffy’s General System Theory
C. 5 assumptions about human beings
1. Man is a unified whole – whole not equal to sum of parts.
2. Individual and environment are continuously exchanging
matter and energy.
3. Lifecycle evolves irreversibly and uni-directionally along
space and time continuum.
4. Life patterns identify individuals.
5. Humans have the capacity for absorption and imagery, language and thought, sensation and emotion.
GENERAL SYSTEM THEORY
- A set of interacting parts/ components with a boundary that filters the input and output from and to the environment.
- Input and output: matter, energy, information.
- Whole: physical, psychological, spiritual, intellectual.
4. DOROTHEA OREM’S SELF CARE DEFICIT THEORY
- Man is an integrated whole, biologically, symbolically and socially.
- Man is self reliant and responsible for self care.
- Man is requisite for all.
- Nursing is a service, art and technology.
3 SUB THEORIES
1. Self Care – universal self care, developmental.
2. Self Care Deficit – demands, capabilities, deficits.
3. Theory of Nursing Systems – wholly compensatory, partly supportive-educative.
UNIVERSAL SELF CARE REQUISITES
1. Sufficient intake of air
2. Sufficient intake of water
3. Sufficient intake of food
4. Satisfactory eliminative functions
5. Activity balanced with rest
6. Time spent alone balanced with time spent with others
7. Prevention of danger
8. Being normal
DEVELOPMENT OF SELF CARE REQUISITES
- Specialized expression of universal self-care requisites for development process.
HEATH DEVIATION
- Additional demands for health care due to illness, disease or injury.
THEORY OF NURSING SYSTEM
1. Wholly compensatory – nurse acts for patient.
2. Partly compensatory – both nurse and patient.
3. Supportive-Educative – patient able to perform self care.
source: PRN ONE
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