History of Nursing

PERIODS OF NURSING
INTUITIVE NURSING/ PRIMITIVE NURSING
/ INSTINCTIVE NURSING

PRIMITIVE NURSING PERIOD ( 6th century)

PRIMITIVE TIMES
- Women practice nursing because of low status in society.
- Took care of children and sick members of the family.
- Personalistic cause of disease.
- Sickness is due to active intervention of:
    a. human – caused by witchcraft.
    b. non human – caused by ghosts.
    c. superhuman beings – caused by deities.
- Superstitious and believes in magic.
- Slave society “slave nurses”
- Wet nursing, take care of babies/children of their masters
- Women also practices midwifery.
- Masters/healers are the people who are responsible in decision
  making when it comes to health.

6th CENTURY
- Founding of religious orders.

3 Attributes of Nurses
1. Self denial
2. Devotion to hard work and duty.
3. With spiritual calling.

Main Guiding Principles
1. “Love thy neighbor as thy self”.
2. Parable of the Good Samaritan.
    - Beneficence (doing good to others).
2 Types of Beneficence
1. Ordinary – doing good to others.
2. Ideal – entails sacrifice.

APPRENTICE NURSING PERIOD (6th Century – 18th Century)

6TH CENTURY
- founding of religious orders.
- women practiced nursing.
- Daughters of Charity/Sisters of Charity founded
  by St. Vincent de Paul and Augustinian Sisters.

CRUSADES
- Men practiced nursing.
- Knights of St. Lazarus
    a. established a standard among hospitals in Europe.
    b. took care of clients with skin problems like leprosy.
- Knights of St. John of Jerusalem
    a. also known as Knights Hospitalers.
    b. founded hospitals.

18TH CENTURY
1836
- Theodore Fleidner reestablished order of Deaconesses.
- Founded school of nursing in Kaisserwerth, Germany where
  Florence Nightingale was the most known student.

1854-1856 (CRIMEAN WAR)
- Florence Nightingale was known as the Lady with a Lamp.
- Compiled the “Notes on Nursing: What it is and What is not”
   and became the first nurse theorist.


EDUCATIONAL NURSING PERIOD (18th Century – 20th Century)

18TH CENTURY
- Florence Nightingale established a nursing school in
   St. Thomas Hospital in London which
   adopted the Nightingale System.
- Made Florence Nightingale the mother of modern nursing.

Philosophy of Nightingale System
1. Government funds should be allotted to nursing education.
    - earned her the title of being the first nurse political activist.
2. Training schools of nursing should be in close affiliation.
3. Professional nurses should train nurses.
4. Nursing students should be provided with residence near their
    training hospitals.
    - written orders of doctors insisted.
    - nurses should go with doctors during rounds.

LATE 20TH CENTURY
- Specialization in medicine.
- Conceptualization of the role of clinical nurse specialist.
- Increase clinical content of education (1900’s).

CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (21st Century)
- Globalization of nursing.
- Period after world war II.
- Borderless nursing or transcultural nursing.
- Professionalization of nursing.

source: PRN