Nursing Theories "System Theories"

This is a continuation post of the Nursing Theories

B. SYSTEM THEORIES

5. SISTER CALLISTA ROY’S ADAPTATION MODEL
- Grounded on humanism.
- Person is adaptive system with coping mechanism.
- Goal of nursing is to promote persons adaptation.
 

STIMULI
1. Focal - immediate
2. Contextual – other internal and external factors
3. Residual – may or may not have effect like attitudes and beliefs.

COPING MECHANISMS
1. Regulator – neural – chemical – endocrine.
2. Cognator – processed through cognition.

ADAPTIVE MODES
- Physiologic – adaptive mode
- Self concept mode
- Interdependence mode
- Role function mode
- Adaptive/effective response
- Maladaptive/ineffective response

6. IMOGENE KING’S GOAL-ATTAINMENT THEORY
- Nursing is a process of human interaction between the nurse, client, each person perceive the other and situation and explore the means to achieve them.
- Humans are open systems in constant interaction with their environment.
- Nursing focus: human interact with the environment.
- Nursing Goal: humanistic maintenance of individuals and groups.
- Interacting components are personal, interpersonal, social.
- Elements: interaction, communication, transaction role, stress.

COMPONENTS PERSONAL SYSTEM
- Perception, self, growth and development, image, space, learning time.
- Organization, authority, power, status, decision making.

7. BETTY NEUMAN’S HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS MODEL
- Based on 2 components stress, reaction to stress.
- Client (individual, group, community) is an open system in interaction with environment.

4 CONCEPTS
 

A. CLIENT
Flexible – keeps system free from stressor reaction or symptom-matology.
Line of Resistance – consist of internal defensive processes. Ex. Immune response.

B. ENVIRONMENT
- Environment has potential to alter system stability due to internal and external stressors.
STRESSORS CAN BE
1. Extra personal – unemployment, microorganisms, peer pressure, radiation.
2. Inter personal – between 2 or more individual (parent expectations).
3. Intra personal – anger, physical abilities, financial condition.
- Environment can also be source of resources that may help client cope with stressors.
 

C. HEALTH
 

D. NURSING
- Primary: protection of normal line of defense.
- Secondary: protection of basic structure by strengthening internal line of resistance.
Ex. Treatment of symptoms, energy conservation
- Tertiary: promotion of reconstitution by supporting existing strengths and resources.

8. DOROTHY JOHNSON’S BEHAVIORAL SYSTEMS MODEL
Mans subsystem
- Behavioral subsystem: addressed by nursing intervention.
- Biological subsystem: addressed by medical intervention.
Goal of Nursing
a. demonstrate behavior commensurate to social demands.
b. modify behavior to support biological needs.
c. benefit from physicians skill and knowledge.
d. demonstrate behavior that does not give evidence of unnecessary trauma.
- Nursing focus: behavior modification to foster equilibrium.

Nursing Theories "General Theories"

Nursing Theories are divided into four category General Theories, System Theories, Interpersonal/Caring Theories and Client Centered Theories.. In this post you can read the entire General Theories links for the other three theories is at the bottom.

A. GENERAL THEORIES

1. NIGHTINGALE’S ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY

- What nursing has to do is to put the individual in best position for nature to work on him.

- Nursing Action: manipulation of elements in the environment to contribute to reparative process.

10 ELEMENTS FOUND IN ENVIRONMENT

1. Air – importance to have moving air in room of patient to contribute in proper ventilation.

2. Light – patient should be near windows to be able to see sunlight and give hope.

3. Health of houses – environmental sanitation.

4. Cleanliness

5. Beddings – change linens/beddings in patients room to promote comfort.

6. Nutrition

7. Variety – change in environment for patient.

8. Ventilation – promote warming.

9. Noise – due to nurses clothing or roaming around.

10. Chattering hopes – deals with social aspect; nurse should be

                                    cautious with words when at bedside,

                                    talk about positive things.

2. VIRGINIA HENDERSON’S DEFINITION OF NURSING

- Assisting individuals sick or well in the performance of activity.

- Role of nurse is complimentary.

- Supplementary

- Individual person is a whole, complete and individual being.

14 BASIC COMPONENTS OF NURSING CARE

1. Breathe normally

2. Eat, drink adequately

3. Eliminate body waste

4. Move and maintain desirable posture

5. Sleep and rest

6. Select suitable clothes

7. Maintain body temperature

8. Keep body clean and well groomed

9. Avoid dangers in environment

10. Communicate with others

11. Worship according to ones faith

12. Work for accomplishment

13. Participate in recreation

14. Learn to satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development

3. MARTHA ROGER’S SCIENCE OF UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS

A. Nursing is humanistic science

B. Parallel with Ludwig von Bertalanffy’s General System Theory

C. 5 assumptions about human beings

    1. Man is a unified whole – whole not equal to sum of parts.

    2. Individual and environment are continuously exchanging

        matter and energy.

    3. Lifecycle evolves irreversibly and uni-directionally along

        space and time continuum.

    4. Life patterns identify individuals.

5. Humans have the capacity for absorption and imagery, language and thought, sensation and emotion.

GENERAL SYSTEM THEORY

- A set of interacting parts/ components with a boundary that filters the input and output from and to the environment.

- Input and output: matter, energy, information.

- Whole: physical, psychological, spiritual, intellectual.

4. DOROTHEA OREM’S SELF CARE DEFICIT THEORY

- Man is an integrated whole, biologically, symbolically and socially.

- Man is self reliant and responsible for self care.

- Man is requisite for all.

- Nursing is a service, art and technology.

3 SUB THEORIES

1. Self Care – universal self care, developmental.

2. Self Care Deficit – demands, capabilities, deficits.

3. Theory of Nursing Systems – wholly compensatory, partly supportive-educative.

UNIVERSAL SELF CARE REQUISITES

1. Sufficient intake of air

2. Sufficient intake of water

3. Sufficient intake of food

4. Satisfactory eliminative functions

5. Activity balanced with rest

6. Time spent alone balanced with time spent with others

7. Prevention of danger

8. Being normal

DEVELOPMENT OF SELF CARE REQUISITES

- Specialized expression of universal self-care requisites for development process.

HEATH DEVIATION

- Additional demands for health care due to illness, disease or injury.

THEORY OF NURSING SYSTEM

1. Wholly compensatory – nurse acts for patient.

2. Partly compensatory – both nurse and patient.

3. Supportive-Educative – patient able to perform self care.

source: PRN ONE

History of Nursing

PERIODS OF NURSING
INTUITIVE NURSING/ PRIMITIVE NURSING
/ INSTINCTIVE NURSING

PRIMITIVE NURSING PERIOD ( 6th century)

PRIMITIVE TIMES
- Women practice nursing because of low status in society.
- Took care of children and sick members of the family.
- Personalistic cause of disease.
- Sickness is due to active intervention of:
    a. human – caused by witchcraft.
    b. non human – caused by ghosts.
    c. superhuman beings – caused by deities.
- Superstitious and believes in magic.
- Slave society “slave nurses”
- Wet nursing, take care of babies/children of their masters
- Women also practices midwifery.
- Masters/healers are the people who are responsible in decision
  making when it comes to health.

6th CENTURY
- Founding of religious orders.

3 Attributes of Nurses
1. Self denial
2. Devotion to hard work and duty.
3. With spiritual calling.

Main Guiding Principles
1. “Love thy neighbor as thy self”.
2. Parable of the Good Samaritan.
    - Beneficence (doing good to others).
2 Types of Beneficence
1. Ordinary – doing good to others.
2. Ideal – entails sacrifice.

APPRENTICE NURSING PERIOD (6th Century – 18th Century)

6TH CENTURY
- founding of religious orders.
- women practiced nursing.
- Daughters of Charity/Sisters of Charity founded
  by St. Vincent de Paul and Augustinian Sisters.

CRUSADES
- Men practiced nursing.
- Knights of St. Lazarus
    a. established a standard among hospitals in Europe.
    b. took care of clients with skin problems like leprosy.
- Knights of St. John of Jerusalem
    a. also known as Knights Hospitalers.
    b. founded hospitals.

18TH CENTURY
1836
- Theodore Fleidner reestablished order of Deaconesses.
- Founded school of nursing in Kaisserwerth, Germany where
  Florence Nightingale was the most known student.

1854-1856 (CRIMEAN WAR)
- Florence Nightingale was known as the Lady with a Lamp.
- Compiled the “Notes on Nursing: What it is and What is not”
   and became the first nurse theorist.


EDUCATIONAL NURSING PERIOD (18th Century – 20th Century)

18TH CENTURY
- Florence Nightingale established a nursing school in
   St. Thomas Hospital in London which
   adopted the Nightingale System.
- Made Florence Nightingale the mother of modern nursing.

Philosophy of Nightingale System
1. Government funds should be allotted to nursing education.
    - earned her the title of being the first nurse political activist.
2. Training schools of nursing should be in close affiliation.
3. Professional nurses should train nurses.
4. Nursing students should be provided with residence near their
    training hospitals.
    - written orders of doctors insisted.
    - nurses should go with doctors during rounds.

LATE 20TH CENTURY
- Specialization in medicine.
- Conceptualization of the role of clinical nurse specialist.
- Increase clinical content of education (1900’s).

CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (21st Century)
- Globalization of nursing.
- Period after world war II.
- Borderless nursing or transcultural nursing.
- Professionalization of nursing.

source: PRN